Energy and Earth Resources
The earth resources and energy sector sits at the forefront of addressing humanity's pressing challenge of ensuring sustainable energy security, managing critical mineral resources, and transitioning to a low-carbon future. Energy consumption sits at the heart of mitigating climate change and achieving the goals of the 2015 Paris Cop21 Agreement. The World Economic Forum reports energy consumption and production account for about two-thirds of global greenhouse gas emissions of which 81% of the global energy mix is still based on fossil fuels.
This sector encompasses diverse industries from renewable energy generation and nuclear power to mineral extraction, legacy oil and gas extraction operations, and water resource management. Global energy demands continue to rise, as illustrated by the International Energy Agency (IEA) charting that global energy spending has risen more than 20% since 2015. The need for sustainable practices has created more sector opportunities for graduates passionate about engineering, environmental science, geology, and sustainable development. Opportunities are rapidly increasing in areas such as solar and wind project development, battery manufacturing, hydrogen technologies, and power management for skilled professionals.
Working in earth resources and energy requires a unique blend of technical expertise and personal attributes. Drawing from Gallup Strengths Finder and VIA Character Strengths, professionals in this sector often demonstrate:
- Achiever drive to deliver solutions in project-based environments
- Analytical thinking for solving complex technical and environmental challenges
- Curiosity for innovation
- Hope in building a sustainable future
- Learner orientation to stay current with rapidly advancing technologies
- Perseverance through long project cycles
- Prudence in risk management
- Responsibility for managing environmental impacts and safety-critical operations
- Strategic mindset to navigate evolving energy landscapes and policy frameworks
- Teamwork in multidisciplinary environments
Find out more about strengths.
Labour market intelligence
The sector continues to undergo rapid transformation as the global shift toward clean energy accelerates. In 2025, the renewable energy industry employs approximately 16.2 million people worldwide, a rise from 13.7 million in 2023 reflecting an 18% year-on-year increase which demonstrates the sector’s expansion. This employment surge is funded by increased investment in solar, wind, hydrogen, battery storage, and related technologies. If the current trend continues, global renewable energy jobs could more than double by 2030 as nations intensify their net-zero commitments.
The UK energy sector alone contributes approximately £28 billion annually to the UK economy, supporting over 738,000 jobs across oil and gas, renewables, nuclear, and energy networks. The UK ranks fifth globally for wind power installed capacity, with offshore wind alone supporting 31,000 jobs and projected to reach 97,000 by 2030.
The World Bank projects that extracting minerals critical for clean energy technologies, such as graphite, lithium, and cobalt may need to increase by nearly 500% by 2050 to satisfy anticipated demand for solar panels, wind turbines, batteries, and other low-carbon systems. The UK mining and quarrying sector employs approximately 60,000 people directly, with many more in related supply chains. Cornish Lithium's exploration initiatives in our own mineral-rich region supports this agenda.
The nuclear sector employs around 65,000 people across the UK, with major investments in new mega build nuclear projects such as Hinkley Point C and Sizewell C creating thousands of construction jobs and long-term operational positions.
This sector extends beyond energy production and extraction with water and flood management representing another significant area. Water utility companies employ over 42,000 people with additional roles found in environmental consultancies and engineering firms addressing climate resilience.
Major employers range from energy giants such as Shell, BP, and EDF adapting their portfolios toward renewables, to specialist firms like Siemens Gamesa, Vestas, and GE Renewable Energy. Engineering consultancies including AECOM, Arup, and Mott MacDonald provide technical services across all subsectors. The growing importance of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) considerations has created new roles in sustainability assessment, carbon management, and community stakeholder engagement across all earth resources industries.
Career opportunities and entry pathways
Career opportunities in earth resources and energy span technical, commercial, and strategic functions across the project lifecycle from exploration and development through operations to decommissioning and remediation.
The sector increasingly values interdisciplinary skills combining technical knowledge with commercial awareness, project management capability, and sustainability expertise. Digital skills in data analytics, artificial intelligence, and automation are becoming ever more essential. International experience is highly valued given the global nature of energy and resources markets. Many roles involve international travel or assignments, particularly in oil and gas, mining, and major infrastructure projects. Language skills and cultural awareness can enhance career prospects in this interconnected sector.
If you are interested in this sector these pages might also be of interest to you:
- Engineering and careers across manufacturing and infrastructure. See Engineering and Manufacturing
- Environmental consulting and sustainability roles. See Environment, Conservation and Ecology
- Scientific research and development in energy technologies. See Science, Research and Development
- Infrastructure planning and development. See Property and Construction
- Financial and commercial roles in energy trading and project finance. See Accountancy, Banking, Finance and Insurance
- Supply chain to address production of materials and technologies. See Transport and Logistics
If you would like to do further research into this sector, the following webpages may be useful:.
Sector overviews and media
- Prospects overview of energy and utilities
- Target guide to engineering sector
- Sustainability magazine
- reNews.Biz
Career Zone Podcast Episodes and Alumni panel recordings
- Podcast - Carbon Transitions: Evolution in the Energy Sector
- Podcast - Transitioning from study to first role - conversations with Chloe Bayliss, Stakeholder Engagement Officer with Cornish Lithium
- Video - Careers after a renewable energy degree
- Video - Making the world a better place – careers in sustainability
- Video - Pint ‘n’ Pasty with East of England Energy Group
- Video - Virtual Pint ‘n’ Pasty with Equity Exploration
Government Reports & Industry Outlooks
- Global Energy Analysis: World Energy Outlook -International Energy Agency's sector reports
- Green Jobs & Net Zero: Green Jobs Taskforce Report - UK government analysis of green job opportunities
- Net Zero Strategy - UK government roadmap with implications for energy careers
- UK Department for Energy Security and Net Zero analysis of Assessment of the clean energy skills challenge
Making contacts is essential for success in this and other sectors. Many jobs in this field come through networking and speculative applications. You could start by speaking with the experts – find out what they did after graduation and contact them for advice.
Making contacts for work shadowing, informational interviews and speculative applications
To help increase your networks who may also be able to suggest ways to gain experiences look at:
- Ask an Alum: A fuss-free way to connect with University of Exeter alumni to ask careers questions.
- Career Mentor Scheme: A popular employability scheme which matches a student or graduate with an experienced professional, for sector insight and one-to-one careers advice over a 6-month period.
Speculative application
A speculative application is when you proactively contact a company or organisation without knowing if they have any job openings, enabling access to the “hidden job market”. This allows you to seek out such opportunities which are predominantly found in small medium enterprises (SMEs) which are companies that employ fewer than two hundred and fifty employees. You can find out more about ‘Speculative applications’ on our website.
- Hidden Job Market – guidance by the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET)
Pint ‘n’ Pasty
Run by the Career Zone in Penryn, in collaboration with employers, these traditional weekly events offer the opportunity to hear from industry experts from different businesses. Free to attend, booking is essential via Handshake. After the talk, you are treated to a pasty supper and a drink from the bar, courtesy of the business.
Recruitment fairs, careers fairs, open days, talks, and events give insights and opportunities to make contacts. For details of future events visit Handshake. If you have not yet activated your account, select the Single Sign On (SSO) option and follow the onscreen instructions. Other annual events of interest include:
- All Energy – The UK’s largest renewable and low carbon exhibition and conference.
- British Institute of Energy Economics Conference – forum examining energy policy and usage in the UK.
- British Water annual conference – forum for stakeholders in water and waste water supply chain.
- Critical Mineral Association annual conference – interdisciplinary forum of experts drawn from across public affairs, communications, marketing, research, client relations and mining examining mineral supply chains, strategies, investment, and the circular economy.
- Energy & Utility Skills Conference Awards - dedicated to sharing knowledge, collaboration and excellence in the energy and utilities industries.
- Energy Innovation Summit – UK landmark forum for energy system innovation and collaboration, gathering engineers, innovators, and policymakers.
- Environmental Services & Solutions Expo - conference showcasing cutting-edge technologies and strategies in net-zero, decarbonisation, resource management, circular economy, water scarcity and management, biodiversity conservation, environmental emergency response and emissions control.
- Geothermal in the UK – conference promoting geothermal energy commercialisation and skills transition.
- Offshore Wind Conference – forum exploring innovations and commercial developments in global offshore wind projects.
- Pint ‘n’ Pasty (Penryn only): Run by the Career Zone in collaboration with employers, these traditional weekly events offer the opportunity to hear from industry experts from different businesses. Free to attend, booking is essential. After the talk, you are treated to a pasty supper and a drink from the bar, courtesy of the business. Book via Handshake.
- The Energy Institute has a range of events and training which are worth exploring including The UK’s largest low-carbon energy and renewables trade event, drawing suppliers, developers, investors, and policymakers for two days of networking and insight; ‘All-Energy’.
- The Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) Offshore Europe – conference and exhibition of stakeholders working in offshore energy generation.
- UK Clean Energy Summit – conference hosted by University of Sheffield bringing together leaders in renewables sector.
- UK Mining Conference - forum exploring good practice and innovation in extraction for critical minerals, sustainable mining.
- UK Solar Summit – conference bringing together stakeholders associated with UK solar energy.
- Wind Europe – conference and exhibition bringing together European stakeholders in wind energy generation.
- Young Energy Professionals (YEP) Forum – online forum connecting UK based professional working in the energy sector.
Many major graduate recruiters have policies and processes that are proactive in recruiting graduates from diverse backgrounds. To find out the policies and attitudes of employers that you are interested in, explore their equality and diversity policies and see if they offer Disability Confident Employer Scheme or are recognised for their policy by such indicators as Mindful Employer or as a Stonewall’s Diversity Champion.
The UK law protects you from discrimination due to your age, gender, race, religion or beliefs, disability or sexual orientation and more. For further information on the Equality Act and to find out where and how you are protected, as well as information on what you need to do if you feel you have been discriminated against, visit the Government’s webpages on discrimination.
To learn more about how to share details of a disability with an employer and the support you can receive applying for jobs and work experience visit our equality and diversity page.
Further information
- AFBE-UK - association for Black and Minority Ethnic Engineers providing mentoring and career development.
- Energy & Utility Skills - sector skills council promoting inclusive recruitment and addressing skills gaps.
- POWERful Women - advancing gender diversity in the energy sector through leadership programmes and industry initiatives.
- Pride in Energy - LGBTQ+ network across the energy industry promoting inclusion.
- STEM Returners - programmes supporting professionals returning to STEM careers after career breaks.
- The 5% Club - employer members commit to having 5% of their workforce in development programmes, including students and graduates in formal training schemes.
- Women in Mining UK - supporting women's careers in mining and minerals with networking and advocacy.
- Women in Nuclear - promoting gender balance in the nuclear sector with mentoring and development programmes.
Action
Explore roles in the sector by visiting the areas of work below. Each profile covers typical duties and responsibilities, entry requirements, key skills required, professional development opportunities and links to finding both work experience and graduate roles.












